3D printing has already transformed manufacturing, healthcare, engineering, and product development. Now, researchers are taking the concept a step further with 4D printing, a technology that allows ...

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New hydrogel-based materials that can change shape in response to psychological stimuli, such as water, could be the next generation of materials used to bioengineer tissues and organs, according to a ...

A new study describes 3D printing of Shape Memory Polymers to produce active meta-materials that can be programmed to form versatile shapes and are then able to recover their original state when ...

With 4D printing, the objects can change shape or properties using external stimuli such as temperature, light, pH, magnetic field, electricity, and moisture. Additionally, the changes in shape or ...

With 3D printing in what might be considered the early adulthood phase of its development, scientists now are turning attention to evolving 4D printing, which gives 3D-printed objects the ability to ...

Combining materials with different swelling ratios creates structures that transform into tubes when exposed to water. (Courtesy: Yu Bin Lee) Materials that controllably change shape over time – often ...