Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...

Optical communication systems have evolved significantly over recent years with the advent of advanced modulation techniques designed to enhance spectral efficiency and mitigate interference. Offset ...

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) has been a fundamental component in the evolution of mobile connectivity. As the demand for faster data speeds and more efficient network utilization continues to ...

Two things have been overlooked with phasing amplitude modulation. One is the importance of pulse modulation; the other is that logic gates can be used for analog signal processing. Both of these ...

New modulation schemes don’t come along very often. In fact, it has been years…decades really…. since any new modulation method has been invented. Remember there are only three basic ways a carrier ...

Half the bits are represented on the real axis and half the bits are represented on the imaginary axis. The in-phase and quadrature signals are independent level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) ...