Background A 32-year-old primiparous woman presented with a painful left-sided giant hydronephrotic kidney secondary to pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO). Investigations Renal ultrasonography ...

This is an inspection of the bladder and the urethra using a cystoscope. There are two types of cystoscope: Rigid: A solid telescope which has a light and a separate channel to allow other instruments ...

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the abnormal, retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract. This disease affects about 1% of otherwise normal children, 30–50% of those who ...

» Is there a safe level of radiation exposure for a patient during pregnancy? Dose limits do not apply for radiation exposure of patients, since the decision to use radiation is justified depending ...

Ashlyn is one of Forbes Home's in-house writers and a former civil engineer-turned content writer with over six years experience. Until recently, Ashlyn focused on creating content for Forbes Home as ...