Mexico's modern history began with the War of Independence (1810–1821), when Miguel Hidalgo launched a rebellion against Spanish rule with the Grito de Dolores. After years of fighting, Mexico gained its independence in 1821. The new nation first became an empire before establishing a republic, but it faced years of political instability and lost much of its northern territory after the Mexican-American War. In the mid-1800s, Benito Juárez introduced reforms that strengthened the government and
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Mexico's modern history began with the War of Independence (1810–1821), when Miguel Hidalgo launched a rebellion against Spanish rule with the Grito de Dolores. After years of fighting, Mexico gained its independence in 1821. The new nation first became an empire before establishing a republic, but it faced years of political instability and lost much of its northern territory after the Mexican-American War. In the mid-1800s, Benito Juárez introduced reforms that strengthened the government and
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